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पर्णशालाम् fAs

Today we will look at the form पर्णशालाम् fAs from श्रीमद्-वाल्मीकि-रामायणम् 2.99.18.

जगत्यां पुरुषव्याघ्र आस्ते वीरासने रतः । जनेन्द्रो निर्जनं प्राप्य धिङ्मे जन्म सजीवितम् ।। २-९९-१५ ।।
मत्कृते व्यसनं प्राप्तो लोकनाथो महाद्‍युतिः । सर्वान्कामान्परित्यज्य वने वसति राघवः ।। २-९९-१६ ।।
इति लोकसमाक्रुष्टः पादेष्वद्य प्रसादयन् । रामं तस्य पतिष्यामि सीताया लक्ष्मणस्य च ।। २-९९-१७ ।।
एवं स विलपंस्तस्मिन्वने दशरथात्मजः । ददर्श महतीं पुण्यां पर्णशालां मनोरमाम् ।। २-९९-१८ ।।
सालतालाश्वकर्णानां पर्णैर्बहुभिरावृताम् । विशालां मृदुविस्तीर्णां कुशैर्वेदिमिवाध्वरे ।। २-९९-१९ ।।

Gita Press translation – “Having reached a lonely place Śrī Rāma (a tiger among men), a ruler of the people, sits delighted on the (bare) ground in the posture of a hero (with his left foot placed on his right knee). Woe be to my birth along with my life! (15) ‘Fallen in adversity (in the shape of being deprived of his inheritance and exiled) on my account, Śrī Rāma (a scion of Raghu), the protector of the world, who is possessed of great splendor, is dwelling in a forest having completely given up all enjoyments.’ (16) Reviled thus, by the world I shall fall at the feet of Śrī Rāma, Sītā and Lakṣmaṇa today with a view of propitiating them.”(17) Wailing as aforesaid, the celebrated Bharata (son of Daśaratha) beheld in that forest a large and holy hut of leafy twigs pleasing to the mind and thatched with abundant leaves of sāl, palmyra and Aśwakarṇa trees, and (thus) appearing (from a distance) like an extensive altar softly overspread with blades of Kuśa grass in a sacrificial performance (18-19)

(1) पर्णनिर्मिता शाला = पर्णशाला – hut made of leafy twigs.
Note: पर्णनिर्मिता itself is a तृतीया-तत्पुरुष: compound explained as follows – पर्णैर्निर्मिता = पर्णनिर्मिता – constructed of leafy twigs. The compound पर्णनिर्मिता is then used in the following derivation –

अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
(2) पर्णनिर्मिता सुँ + शाला सुँ । By 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्‌ – A सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् denoting a qualifier (adjective) variously compounds with another सुबन्तं (ending in a सुँप् affix) पदम् which denotes that which is qualified – provided both the सुबन्त-पदे refer to the same item – and the resulting compound is a तत्पुरुष:।

(3) By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘पर्णनिर्मिता सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 (which prescribes the compounding) the term विशेषणम्‌ ends in the nominative case. Hence the adjective ‘पर्णनिर्मिता सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.

Note: ‘पर्णनिर्मिता सुँ + शाला सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

(4) पर्णनिर्मिता + शाला । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः – A सुँप् affix takes a लुक् elision when it is a part of a धातुः or a प्रातिपदिकम्।

(5) पर्णशाला । By the वार्तिकम् – शाकपार्थिवादीनां सिद्धये उत्तरपदलोपस्‍योपसंख्‍यानम् – In order to explain compounds like शाकपार्थिव:, an additional provision is made to allow for the elision of the latter member of a compound (which itself is the prior member of the final compound.) In the present example the latter member ‘निर्मिता’ of the compound ‘पर्णनिर्मिता’ is elided in order to explain the compound ‘पर्णशाला’।
Note: A compound composed using this वार्तिकम् is referred to as a शाकपार्थिवादिसमास: or a मध्यमपदलोपिसमास:।

As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पर्णशाला’ is feminine since the latter member ‘शाला’ of the compound is feminine. The compound declines like रमा-शब्द:।

The विवक्षा is द्वितीया-एकवचनम्।

(6) पर्णशाला + अम् । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप्‌।

(7) पर्णशालाम् । By 6-1-107 अमि पूर्वः – In place of a preceding अक् letter and the following vowel (अच्) belonging to the affix ‘अम्’ there is a single substitute of that preceding अक् letter.

Questions:

1. Can you spot a शाकपार्थिवादिसमास: (मध्यमपदलोपिसमास:) in verses 37-41 of Chapter Four of the गीता?

2. What is the विग्रह-वाक्यम् (explanatory sentence) for the compound पुरुषव्याघ्र:?

3. Which वार्त्तिकम् justifies the use of a second case affix in the form जन्म (and सजीवितम्) used in the verses?

4. What kind of compound is लोकसमाक्रुष्टः?
i. अव्ययीभाव:
ii. कर्मधारय:
iii. तृतीया-तत्पुरुष:
iv. षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष:

5. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-126 लक्षणहेत्वोः क्रियायाः been used in the verses?

6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
“In the olden time many people lived in huts made of leafy twigs.” Use the अव्ययम् ‘पुरा’ for ‘in the olden time.’

Easy questions:

1. In which word in the verses has the affix ‘शप्’ taken the ‘लुक्’ elision?

2. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-1-33 स्यतासी लृलुटोः been used in the verses?


1 Comment

  1. 1. Can you spot a शाकपार्थिवादिसमास: (मध्यमपदलोपिसमास:) in verses 37-41 of Chapter Four of the गीता?
    Answer: The compound ज्ञानाग्निः (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ’ज्ञानाग्नि’, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) in the following verse of the गीता is a शाकपार्थिवादिसमास: (मध्यमपदलोपिसमास:)।

    यथैधांसि समिद्धोऽग्निर्भस्मसात्कुरुतेऽर्जुन |
    ज्ञानाग्निः सर्वकर्माणि भस्मसात्कुरुते तथा || 4-37||

    ज्ञानरूपोऽग्निः = ज्ञानाग्निः – fire in the form of knowledge.

    Note: ज्ञानरूपः itself is a बहुव्रीहि-समास: explained as follows – ज्ञानं रूपं यस्य स: = ज्ञानरूप: – one whose form is knowledge. The compound ‘ज्ञानरूप’ is then used in the following derivation –

    अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
    ज्ञानरूप सुँ + अग्नि सुँ । By 2-1-57 विशेषणं विशेष्येण बहुलम्‌।
    By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ’ज्ञानरूप सुँ’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-57 (which prescribes the compounding) the term विशेषणम्‌ ends in the nominative case. Hence the adjective ’ज्ञानरूप सुँ’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌ – In a compound a term which has the designation ‘उपसर्जन’ should be placed in the prior position.
    Note: ’ज्ञानरूप सुँ + अग्नि सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
    = ज्ञानरूप + अग्नि । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः।
    = ज्ञान + अग्नि । By the वार्तिकम् – शाकपार्थिवादीनां सिद्धये उत्तरपदलोपस्‍योपसंख्‍यानम् – In order to explain compounds like शाकपार्थिव:, an additional provision is made to allow for the elision of the latter member of a compound (which itself is the prior member of the final compound.) In the present example the latter member ‘रूप’ of the compound ‘ज्ञानरूप’ is elided in order to explain the compound ’ज्ञानाग्नि’।
    = ज्ञानाग्नि । By 6-1-101 अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः।
    Note: A compound composed using this वार्तिकम् is referred to as a शाकपार्थिवादिसमास: or a मध्यमपदलोपिसमास:।

    As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ’ज्ञानाग्नि’ is masculine since the latter member ‘अग्नि’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like हरि-शब्द:। प्रथमा-एकवचनम् is ज्ञानाग्निः।

    2. What is the विग्रह-वाक्यम् (explanatory sentence) for the compound पुरुषव्याघ्र:?
    Answer: The विग्रह-वाक्यम् of the compound पुरुषव्याघ्र: (पुंलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ’पुरुषव्याघ्र’, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) is as follows –

    पुरुषो व्याघ्र इव = पुरुषव्याघ्र: – A man (mighty) as a tiger.

    The derivation of the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘पुरुषव्याघ्र’ is shown in the following post – https://avg-sanskrit.org/2015/06/15/पुरुषव्याघ्र-mvs

    3. Which वार्त्तिकम् justifies the use of a second case affix in the form जन्म (and सजीवितम्) used in the verses?
    Answer: The use of a second case affix in the form जन्म (नपुंसकलिङ्ग-प्रातिपदिकम् ‘जन्मन्’, द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) and also the corresponding adjective सजीवितम् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘सजीवित’, नपुंसकलिङ्गे द्वितीया-एकवचनम्) is justified by the वार्तिकम् (under 2-3-2 कर्मणि द्वितीया in the महाभाष्यम्) उभसर्वतसोः कार्या धिगुपर्यादिषु त्रिषु। द्वितीयाम्रेडितान्तेषु ततोऽन्यत्रापि दृश्यते – A second case affix (‘अम्’, ‘औट्’, ‘शस्’) is used following a प्रातिपदिकम् (nominal stem) co-occurring with ‘उभयत:’ or ‘सर्वत:’ or ‘धिक्’ or the duplicated terms ‘उपर्युपरि’, ‘अध्यधि’ or ‘अधोऽध:’ and may be seen being used in other instances also.

    4. What kind of compound is लोकसमाक्रुष्टः?
    i. अव्ययीभाव:
    ii. कर्मधारय:
    iii. तृतीया-तत्पुरुष:
    iv. षष्ठी-तत्पुरुष:
    Answer: The compound लोकसमाक्रुष्टः (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘लोकसमाक्रुष्ट’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) is a तृतीया-तत्पुरुष: compound.

    The लौकिक-विग्रहः is as follows –
    लोकेन समाक्रुष्टः = लोकसमाक्रुष्टः – Reviled by the world.

    अलौकिक-विग्रह: –
    लोक टा + समाक्रुष्ट सुँ । By 2-1-32 कर्तृकरणे कृता बहुलम्‌ – A पदम् ending in a third case affix – denoting either the agent or the instrument of the action – variously compounds with (a syntactically related पदम् composed by adding a सुँप् affix to) a term ending in a कृत् affix (ref. 3-1-93 कृदतिङ्) and the resulting compound gets the designation तत्पुरुष:।
    By 1-2-43 प्रथमानिर्दिष्टं समास उपसर्जनम् – the term ‘लोक टा’ gets the designation उपसर्जनम् because in the सूत्रम् 2-1-32 (which prescribes the compounding) the term तृतीया (which comes as अनुवृत्ति: from 2-1-30 तृतीया तत्कृतार्थेन गुणवचनेन) ends in the nominative case. Hence ‘लोक टा’ is placed in the prior position in the compound as per the सूत्रम् 2-2-30 उपसर्जनं पूर्वम्‌।
    Note: ‘लोक टा + समाक्रुष्ट सुँ’ gets the designation प्रातिपदिकम्‌ by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च। This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.
    = लोक + समाक्रुष्ट । By 2-4-71 सुपो धातुप्रातिपदिकयोः।
    = लोकसमाक्रुष्ट ।
    As per the सूत्रम् 2-4-26 परवल्लिङ्गं द्वन्द्वतत्पुरुषयोः, the compound प्रातिपदिकम् ‘लोकसमाक्रुष्ट’ is masculine since the latter member ‘समाक्रुष्ट’ (which is an adjective) is used in the masculine here. The entire compound लोकसमाक्रुष्टः is qualifying the masculine noun भरत: (दशरथात्मजः)।

    5. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-2-126 लक्षणहेत्वोः क्रियायाः been used in the verses?
    Answer: The सूत्रम् 3-2-126 लक्षणहेत्वोः क्रियायाः has been used in the form प्रसादयन् (प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रसादयत्’, पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) – derived from the causative form of the verbal root √सद् (षद्ऌँ विशरणगत्यवसादनेषु १. ९९०, ६. १६३).

    सद् + णिच् । By 3-1-26 हेतुमति च।
    = सद् + इ । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-7 चुटू, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = सादि । By 7-2-116 अत उपधायाः।
    ‘सादि’ gets the धातु-सञ्ज्ञा by 3-1-32 सनाद्यन्ता धातवः।

    सादि + लँट् । By 3-2-123 वर्तमाने लट्।
    = सादि + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = सादि + शतृँ । By 3-2-126 लक्षणहेत्वोः क्रियायाः – ‘शतृँ’/’शानच्’ replaces ‘लँट्’ when it follows a verbal root which denotes an action which constitutes a characteristic (लक्षणम्) or result/cause (हेतु: = फलम्/कारणम्) of another action. In the present example, the action प्रसादयन् (propitiating) constitutes the result of the action पतिष्यामि (shall fall.) Note: As per 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्, the धातुः ‘सादि’ has taken the परस्मैपदम् affix ‘शतृँ’ here.
    = सादि + अत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = सादि + शप् + अत् । By 3-1-68 कर्तरि शप्।
    = सादि + अ + अत् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-8 लशक्वतद्धिते, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = सादे + अ + अत् । By 7-3-84 सार्वधातुकार्धधातुकयोः।
    = सादय + अत् । By 6-1-78 एचोऽयवायावः।
    = सादयत् । By 6-1-97 अतो गुणे। ‘सादयत्’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

    ’सादयत्’ is compounded with the उपसर्गः ’प्र’ using the सूत्रम् 2-2-18 कुगतिप्रादयः।
    प्र + सादयत् = प्रसादयत् ।
    ‘प्रसादयत्’ gets the प्रातिपदिक-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-2-46 कृत्तद्धितसमासाश्च।

    The विवक्षा is पुंलिङ्गे, प्रथमा-एकवचनम्।
    The derivation of प्रसादयन् (पुंलिङ्गे प्रथमा-एकवचनम्) from the प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रसादयत्’ is as follows:
    प्रसादयत् + सुँ । By 4-1-2 स्वौजसमौट्छष्टा….। Note: The affix ‘सुँ’ has the सर्वनामस्थान-सञ्ज्ञा here by 1-1-43 सुडनपुंसकस्य। This allows 7-1-70 to apply below.
    = प्रसादयत् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = प्रसादय नुँम् त् + स् । By 7-1-70 उगिदचां सर्वनामस्थानेऽधातोः। Note: The प्रातिपदिकम् ‘प्रसादयत्’ ends in the affix ‘शतृँ’ which has the letter ‘ऋ’ as a इत्। This allows 7-1-70 to apply here.
    = प्रसादयन्त् + स् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम् and 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = प्रसादयन्त् । By 6-1-68 हल्ङ्याब्भ्यो दीर्घात् सुतिस्यपृक्तं हल्। Now ‘प्रसादयन्त्’ gets पद-सञ्ज्ञा by 1-4-14 सुप्तिङन्तं पदम् with the help of 1-1-62 प्रत्ययलोपे प्रत्ययलक्षणम्। This allows 8-2-23 to apply in the next step.
    = प्रसादयन् । By 8-2-23 संयोगान्तस्य लोपः, 1-1-52 अलोऽन्त्यस्य।
    Note: After this 8-2-7 नलोपः प्रातिपदिकान्तस्य does not apply because of 8-2-1 पूर्वत्रासिद्धम्।

    6. How would you say this in Sanskrit?
    “In the olden time many people lived in huts made of leafy twigs.” Use the अव्ययम् ‘पुरा’ for ‘in the olden time.’
    Answer: पुरा बहवः जनाः पर्णशालासु ऊषुः = पुरा बहवो जनाः पर्णशालासूषुः।

    Easy questions:
    1. In which word in the verses has the affix ‘शप्’ taken the ‘लुक्’ elision?
    Answer: The affix शप् has taken the लुक् elision in the form आस्ते – derived from the verbal root √आस् (आसँ उपवेशने २. ११).

    Please see the answer to question 3 in the following comment for derivation of the form आस्ते – http://avg-sanskrit.org/2012/07/16/मीमांसते-3as-लँट्/#comment-4023

    2. Where has the सूत्रम् 3-1-33 स्यतासी लृलुटोः been used in the verses?
    Answer: The सूत्रम् 3-1-33 स्यतासी लृलुटोः has been used in the form पतिष्यामि – derived from the verbal root √पत् (पतॢँ गतौ १. ९७९).

    The विवक्षा is लृँट्, कर्तरि प्रयोग:, उत्तम-पुरुषः, एकवचनम्।
    पत् + लृँट् । By 3-3-13 लृट् शेषे च।
    = पत् + ल् । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-2 उपदेशेऽजनुनासिक इत्, 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = पत् + मिप् । By 3-4-78 तिप्तस्झिसिप्थस्थमिब्वस्मस्तातांझथासाथांध्वमिड्वहिमहिङ्, 1-3-78 शेषात् कर्तरि परस्मैपदम्।
    = पत् + मि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = पत् + स्य + मि । By 3-1-33 स्यतासी लृलुटोः – The affixes ‘स्य’ and ‘तासिँ’ are prescribed after a धातुः when followed by ‘लृँ’ (लृँट् or लृँङ्) or लुँट् respectively.
    = पत् + इट् स्य + मि । By 7-2-35 आर्धधातुकस्येड् वलादेः, 1-1-46 आद्यन्तौ टकितौ।
    = पत् + इस्य + मि । अनुबन्ध-लोपः by 1-3-3 हलन्त्यम्, 1-3-9 तस्य लोपः।
    = पतिस्यामि । By 7-3-101 अतो दीर्घो यञि।
    = पतिष्यामि । By 8-3-59 आदेशप्रत्यययो:।

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